| http://mlcommons.org/croissant/annotation | annotation | One or more data-level annotations that apply to the entire record or field. | Field, RecordSet | Field | Core |
| http://mlcommons.org/croissant/arrayShape | arrayShape | Shape of the data tensor/array associated with a field (e.g., [height, width, bands] for imagery). | Field | Text | Core |
| http://mlcommons.org/croissant/citeAs | citeAs | How to cite this dataset. Ideally, citations should be expressed using the bibtex format. Note that this is different from schema.org/citation, which is used to make a citation to another publication from this dataset. | Dataset | Text | Core |
| http://mlcommons.org/croissant/column | column | In case the data source is tabular, the id of a column to extract. | Extract | Text | Core |
| http://mlcommons.org/croissant/containedIn | containedIn | Another FileObject, FileSet or DataSource that this one is contained in, e.g., in the case of a file extracted from an archive. When this property is present, the contentUrl is evaluated as a relative path within the container object. | FileObject, FileSet | DataSource, FileObject, FileSet | Core |
| http://mlcommons.org/croissant/content | content | What to extract from the data source content, e.g., lines. | Extract | ContentExtractionEnumeration | Core |
| http://mlcommons.org/croissant/data | data | One or more inlined records that constitute the data of the RecordSet, typically used for small enumeration values. | RecordSet | JSON | Core |
| http://mlcommons.org/croissant/dataType | dataType | The data type of the field, identified by the URI of the corresponding class. It could be either an atomic type (e.g, sc:Integer) or a semantic type (e.g., sc:GeoLocation). | Field, RecordSet | DataType | Core |
| http://schema.org/distribution | distribution | By contrast with schema.org/Dataset, Croissant requires the distribution property to have values of type FileObject or FileSet. | Dataset | FileObject, FileSet | Core |
| http://mlcommons.org/croissant/equivalentProperty | equivalentProperty | A property that is equivalent to this Field. Used in the case a dataType is specified on the RecordSet to map specific fields to specific properties associated with that dataType. | Field | URL | Core |
| http://mlcommons.org/croissant/examples | examples | One more inlined records provided as example content of the RecordSet. | RecordSet | JSON | Core |
| http://mlcommons.org/croissant/excludes | excludes | A glob pattern that specifies the files to exclude. The pattern is evaluated from the root of the containedIn contents, after the includes patterns have been evaluated. | FileSet | Text | Core |
| http://mlcommons.org/croissant/extract | extract | The extraction method from the provided source. | DataSource | Extract | Core |
| http://mlcommons.org/croissant/field | field | A data element that appears in the records of the RecordSet (e.g., one column of a table). | RecordSet | Field | Core |
| http://mlcommons.org/croissant/fileObject | fileObject | The id of a FileObject that is the source of the data. | DataSource | FileObject | Core |
| http://mlcommons.org/croissant/fileProperty | fileProperty | The file property to extract from the data source metadata, e.g., the filename. | Extract | FilePropertyEnumeration | Core |
| http://mlcommons.org/croissant/fileSet | fileSet | The id of a FileSet that is the source of the data. | DataSource | FileSet | Core |
| http://mlcommons.org/croissant/format | format | A format to parse the values of the data from text, e.g., a date format or number format. | DataSource | Format | Core |
| http://mlcommons.org/croissant/includes | includes | A glob pattern that specifies the files to include, e.g., ".jpg", "/foo/pic*.jpg". The pattern is evaluated from the root of the containedIn contents. | FileSet | Text | Core |
| http://mlcommons.org/croissant/isLiveDataset | isLiveDataset | Indicates that the dataset is continuously updated instead of being versioned. | Dataset | Boolean | Core |
| http://mlcommons.org/croissant/jsonPath | jsonPath | In case the data source is JSON data, a path expression to extract a subset of the data. | Extract | Text | Core |
| http://mlcommons.org/croissant/key | key | One or more fields whose values uniquely identify each record in the RecordSet. (See example below.) | RecordSet | Field | Core |
| http://mlcommons.org/croissant/md5 | md5 | The MD5 hash of the file. | FileObject | Text | Core |
| http://mlcommons.org/croissant/parentField | parentField | A special case of SubField that should be hidden because it references a Field that already appears in the RecordSet. | Field | Field | Core |
| http://mlcommons.org/croissant/readLines | readLines | Read the content of the file line by line. | Transform | Boolean | Core |
| http://mlcommons.org/croissant/recordSet | recordSet | The id of a RecordSet that is the source of the data. | DataSource | RecordSet | Core |
| http://mlcommons.org/croissant/references | references | Another Field of another RecordSet that this field references. This is the equivalent of a foreign key reference in a relational database. | Field | Field | Core |
| http://mlcommons.org/croissant/regex | regex | A regular expression to apply to the data. | Transform | Text | Core |
| http://mlcommons.org/croissant/repeated | repeated | If true, then the Field is a list of values of type dataType. | Field | Boolean | Core |
| http://mlcommons.org/croissant/sdVersion | sdVersion | The version of the dataset metadata, which may be distinct from the version of the dataset content. | Dataset | Number, Text | Core |
| http://mlcommons.org/croissant/separator | separator | A separator to use parse the data into an array. | Transform | Text | Core |
| http://mlcommons.org/croissant/source | source | The data source of the field. This will generally reference a FileObject or FileSet's contents (e.g., a specific column of a table). | Field, RecordSet | DataSource, FileObject, FileSet, RecordSet | Core |
| http://mlcommons.org/croissant/subField | subField | Another Field that is nested inside this one. | Field | Field | Core |
| http://mlcommons.org/croissant/transform | transform | A transformation to apply on source data on top of the extracted method as specified through extract, e.g., a regular expression or JSON query. | DataSource | Transform | Core |
| http://mlcommons.org/croissant/unArchive | unArchive | Extract the content of the archive. | Transform | Boolean | Core |
| http://mlcommons.org/croissant/value | value | An optional constant value for the field. | Field | JSON | Core |
| http://mlcommons.org/croissant/geo/bandConfiguration | bandConfiguration | Configuration describing raster band organization and semantics for a dataset or asset (e.g., band ordering and names). | Field, Dataset | BandConfiguration, Text | Geo |
| http://mlcommons.org/croissant/geo/bandNamesList | bandNamesList | Ordered list of band names corresponding to the band stack described by geocr:bandConfiguration. | BandConfiguration | Text | Geo |
| http://mlcommons.org/croissant/geo/bandwidth | bandwidth | Spectral bandwidth for a geocr:SpectralBand entry (typically in geocr:spectralBandMetadata), expressed as a QuantitativeValue. | SpectralBand | QuantitativeValue | Geo |
| http://mlcommons.org/croissant/geo/centerWavelength | centerWavelength | Center wavelength for a geocr:SpectralBand entry (typically in geocr:spectralBandMetadata), expressed as a QuantitativeValue. | SpectralBand | QuantitativeValue | Geo |
| http://mlcommons.org/croissant/geo/channelList | channelList | List of wavelength channels (e.g., 171Å, 193Å) used within geocr:MultiWavelengthConfiguration. | MultiWavelengthConfiguration | Text | Geo |
| http://mlcommons.org/croissant/geo/coordinateReferenceSystem | coordinateReferenceSystem | Coordinate reference system (CRS) identifier (e.g., EPSG code) used to interpret spatial data in the dataset. | Dataset | Text | Geo |
| http://mlcommons.org/croissant/geo/instrument | instrument | Instrument identifier used within geocr:SolarInstrumentCharacteristics (for later mapping to SPASE). | SolarInstrumentCharacteristics | Text | Geo |
| http://mlcommons.org/croissant/geo/multiWavelengthConfiguration | multiWavelengthConfiguration | Composite property to group multi-wavelength configuration information for Space Weather / heliophysics datasets; intended to map to SPASE constructs. | Dataset | MultiWavelengthConfiguration, Text | Geo |
| http://mlcommons.org/croissant/geo/observatory | observatory | Observatory/platform identifier used within geocr:SolarInstrumentCharacteristics (for later mapping to SPASE). | SolarInstrumentCharacteristics | Text | Geo |
| http://mlcommons.org/croissant/geo/recordEndpoint | recordEndpoint | A service endpoint that provides programmatic access to the dataset's metadata records (e.g., listing, paging, and filtering records). | Dataset | Text, URL | Geo |
| http://mlcommons.org/croissant/geo/samplingStrategy | samplingStrategy | Description of how samples were selected or constructed (e.g., chip/windowing strategy, filtering criteria) to support reproducibility and interpretation. | Dataset | Text | Geo |
| http://mlcommons.org/croissant/geo/solarInstrumentCharacteristics | solarInstrumentCharacteristics | Composite property to group solar/heliophysics instrument characteristics for Space Weather datasets; intended to map to SPASE constructs. | Dataset | SolarInstrumentCharacteristics, Text | Geo |
| http://mlcommons.org/croissant/geo/spatialBias | spatialBias | Description of spatial representativeness limitations (e.g., geographic concentration, under-sampled regions/biomes) that may affect model generalization and evaluation. | Dataset | Text | Geo |
| http://mlcommons.org/croissant/geo/spatialIndex | spatialIndex | Precomputed spatial index token(s) (e.g., DGGS cell ID or geohash-like key) to accelerate coarse spatial filtering and discovery at scale. | RecordSet, Dataset | Text | Geo |
| http://mlcommons.org/croissant/geo/spatialResolution | spatialResolution | Nominal spatial resolution for the dataset or collection (e.g., '30m' or a QuantitativeValue with units). May be provided at dataset level or at record/collection level when resolution varies. | RecordSet, Dataset | QuantitativeValue, Text | Geo |
| http://mlcommons.org/croissant/geo/spectralBandMetadata | spectralBandMetadata | Per-band spectral metadata for EO imagery (e.g., center wavelength, bandwidth), represented as one or more geocr:SpectralBand entries. | Field, Dataset | SpectralBand, Text | Geo |
| http://mlcommons.org/croissant/geo/temporalResolution | temporalResolution | Temporal cadence of the dataset or collection (e.g., 1 month), typically expressed as a QuantitativeValue (value + unit), or as text. May be provided at dataset level or at record/collection level when cadence varies. | RecordSet, Dataset | QuantitativeValue, Text | Geo |
| http://mlcommons.org/croissant/geo/timeSeriesIndex | timeSeriesIndex | Identifies the record-level field used to order/index observations in a time series (e.g., a timestamp field in a RecordSet). | RecordSet | Field, Text | Geo |
| http://mlcommons.org/croissant/geo/totalBands | totalBands | Total number of bands for an asset or dataset described by geocr:bandConfiguration. | BandConfiguration | Integer | Geo |
| http://mlcommons.org/croissant/RAI/annotationsPerItem | annotationsPerItem | Number of human labels per dataset item, if applicable. | Dataset | Text | RAI |
| http://mlcommons.org/croissant/RAI/annotatorDemographics | annotatorDemographics | List of demographics specifications about the annotators, if applicable. | Dataset | Text | RAI |
| http://mlcommons.org/croissant/RAI/dataAnnotationAnalysis | dataAnnotationAnalysis | Considerations related to the process of converting the "raw" annotations into the labels that are ultimately packaged in a dataset - Uncertainty or disagreement between annotations on each instance as a signal in the dataset, analysis of systematic disagreements between annotators of different socio demographic group, how the final dataset annotations will relate to individual annotator responses. | Dataset | Text | RAI |
| http://mlcommons.org/croissant/RAI/dataAnnotationPlatform | dataAnnotationPlatform | Platform, tool, or library used to collect annotations by human annotators, if applicable. | Dataset | Text | RAI |
| http://mlcommons.org/croissant/RAI/dataAnnotationProtocol | dataAnnotationProtocol | Description of annotations (labels, ratings) produced, including how these were created or authored - Annotation Workforce Type, Annotation Characteristic(s), Annotation Description(s), Annotation Task(s), Annotation Distribution(s). | Dataset | Text | RAI |
| http://mlcommons.org/croissant/RAI/dataBiases | dataBiases | Description of biases in dataset, if applicable. | Dataset | Text | RAI |
| http://mlcommons.org/croissant/RAI/dataCollection | dataCollection | Description of the data collection process. | Dataset | Text | RAI |
| http://mlcommons.org/croissant/RAI/dataCollectionMissingData | dataCollectionMissingData | Description of missing data in structured/unstructured form. | Dataset | Text | RAI |
| http://mlcommons.org/croissant/RAI/dataCollectionRawData | dataCollectionRawData | Description of the raw data i.e. source of the data. | Dataset | Text | RAI |
| http://mlcommons.org/croissant/RAI/dataCollectionTimeframe | dataCollectionTimeframe | Timeframe in terms of start and end date of the collection process, that it described as a DateTime indicating a time period in ISO 8601 time interval format. For example, a collection time frame ranging from 2020 - 2022 can be indicated in ISO 8601 interval format via "2020/2022". | Dataset | DateTime | RAI |
| http://mlcommons.org/croissant/RAI/dataCollectionType | dataCollectionType | Define the data collection type. Recommended values: Surveys, Secondary Data analysis, Physical data collection, Direct measurement, Document analysis, Manual Human Curator, Software Collection, Experiments, Web Scraping, Web API, Focus groups, Self-reporting, Customer feedback data, User-generated content data, Passive Data Collection, Others. | Dataset | Text | RAI |
| http://mlcommons.org/croissant/RAI/dataImputationProtocol | dataImputationProtocol | Description of data imputation process, if applicable. | Dataset | Text | RAI |
| http://mlcommons.org/croissant/RAI/dataLimitations | dataLimitations | Known limitations - Data generalization limits (e.g related to data distribution, data quality issues, or data sources) and on-recommended uses, if applicable. | Dataset | Text | RAI |
| http://mlcommons.org/croissant/RAI/dataManipulationProtocol | dataManipulationProtocol | Description of data manipulation process, if applicable. | Dataset | Text | RAI |
| http://mlcommons.org/croissant/RAI/dataPreprocessingProtocol | dataPreprocessingProtocol | Description of the steps that were required to bring collected data to a state that can be processed by an ML model/algorithm, e.g. filtering out incomplete entries etc, if applicable. | Dataset | Text | RAI |
| http://mlcommons.org/croissant/RAI/dataReleaseMaintenancePlan | dataReleaseMaintenancePlan | Versioning information in terms of the updating timeframe, the maintainers, and the deprecation policies. | Dataset | Text | RAI |
| http://mlcommons.org/croissant/RAI/dataSocialImpact | dataSocialImpact | Discussion of social impact, if applicable. | Dataset | Text | RAI |
| http://mlcommons.org/croissant/RAI/dataUseCases | dataUseCases | Dataset Use(s) - Training, Testing, Validation, Development or Production Use, Fine Tuning, Others (please specify), Usage Guidelines. Recommended uses. | Dataset | Text | RAI |
| http://mlcommons.org/croissant/RAI/machineAnnotationTools | machineAnnotationTools | List of software used for data annotation (e.g., concept extraction, NER, and additional characteristics of the tools used for annotation to allow for replication or extension). | Dataset | Text | RAI |
| http://mlcommons.org/croissant/RAI/personalSensitiveInformation | personalSensitiveInformation | Sensitive Human Attribute(s)- Gender, Socio-economic status, Geography, Language, Age, Culture, Experience or Seniority, Others (please specify), if applicable. | Dataset | Text | RAI |